The goal of this method is to “develop a “culture of peace,” a widespread system whereby people are trained to see and recognize early warning signs, within a system that recognizes and responds to those signs,” (Schoenhaus, 2001:12).Relationship building and conflict resolution practices must be conducted in a cultural context. Ethiopia has participated in many activities that have blocked peace-building efforts in Somalia in order to “maintain a weak and divided Somalia,” (BBU, 2013:1). These establishments improved security in Somalia and shifted the phase of conflict from crisis to unstable peace (USIP, 2008). Upon the fall of the Somali government, opposition clan-based groups formed and experienced power struggles due to opposing goals. This would include building a National Guard that takes jurisdiction over states and localities. The conflict analysis will include a stakeholder analysis that identifies the primary and secondary actors, as well as the third parties and external actors, involved in the civil war in Somalia. Understanding these dynamics will determine the outcome of peace initiatives in terms of relational dynamics between groups, socioeconomic and political dynamics and which issues are addressed through the pacifization process (Lupovici, 2013).In the process of de-securitization, the reframing of the severity of a threat can influence how that threat is addressed. TFG was unable to solicit support from the UN and the AU to relocate to Baidoa in Somalia, which led to the providing of their protection by Ethiopia. The geographical chokepoint of the horn of Africa, in particular the Gulf of Aden, sees regular vessel traffic and this promotes an ideal environment for piracy to thrive. The Somalia conflict is rooted in issues of identity, war culture, external influences, struggle over power and resources, and a lack of social, economic and political infrastructure. With the absence of Western assistance came the rise of reconciliation initiatives by regional states that operated under social, economic and political agendas.

This administration established the Beel System, which includes the clan-based House of Elders and House of Representatives. Phoenix, AZ 85005 Pakistan and Malaysia have played roles in oppressing new Somali leaders. It is critical to promote and protect women’s rights and to engender each peacebuiliding goal to take the needs and perspectives of women into account when designing and implementing policy.Social, economic and political infrastructures must be rebuilt in Somalia, which includes establishing stable and coordinated governance structures, developing public administrations and civil governments, restoring order and rebuilding institutions. When the Abgal and the Habargidir clans gained control of the state, it ended in a dispute over power between General Mohamed Farah Aideed and Ali Mahdi Mohamed. The African Union peacekeepers ultimately ousted the rival ICU (BBU, 2013).The United States led many humanitarian efforts in Somalia, which includes UNOSOM II, in addition to facilitating equipment distribution to AMISOM along with France. Education, skills development and vocational training programs need to be designed and implemented to fairly serve all clans in order to foster economic growth and reduce opportunities for conflict.

The international community needs to change the pattern of response to the Somali conflict by addressing the root causes and using proactive, holistic and contextual methods (Dersso, 2008).The uneven distribution of resources across Somalia is a source of conflict between clans and regions. The consciousness and psychological processes of the primary actors need to be transformed in order to establish and maintain secure and stable governance and institutions.

Weak institutions, corruption and poor governance threaten the stability and peace in Somaliland, which may lead to violent disputes between the administration and opposition groups. When TNG was established in 2000 to govern in South-central Somalia, a lack of transparency and accountability, internal corruption and violence, as well as limitations on the scope of control destroyed TNG’s legitimacy and effectiveness. These actions are elements of the peacekeeping and peacebuiliding processes.

These servants must operate under a fair, stable and legitimate compensation system in order to prevent counterinsurgency and duty abandonment.



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