colonies of West Africa. Photo by John Power.Khartoum as seen from the river Nile. But the Gold Coast’s first general election (Feb. 8, 1951) demonstrated the support the CPP had already won. Nkrumah argued that a federal state organized at the continental level with equal representation for all member states could gradually transform these conditions. Photo by David Himbert / Hans Lucas Studio.A state employee reads the newspaper at the reception of the Defense Committee of the Revolution (CDR). Ghanaian nationalism, born out of black internationalism, became home to that internationalist project. Nkrumah saw independent Ghana as a spearhead for the liberation of the rest of Africa from colonial rule and the establishment of a socialist African unity under his leadership.

On 6 March 1957, the Gold Coast (now known as Ghana) gained independence from Britain.
Today the dream of pan-Africanism persists under the auspices of the African Union, which has begun the process of constituting a continental free- trade agreement as part of Agenda 2063.

This cartoonist from a Republican magazine thought the “Popocratic” ticket was too ideologically mismatched to win. Guinea and Mali followed Ghana’s lead and adopted similar clauses in their constitutions. 1950s.During his stay in England from 1945 to 1947, he collaborated with George In his It was important for Nkrumah to have a figure like King attend the independence celebrations because his vision of pan-Africanism extended beyond continental Africa.As a student in 1930s and 1940s United States, Nkrumah saw at first hand the racism black people endured and it radicalized his consciousness about Africanness and blackness. Accra became a black cosmopolis, hosting nationalists and freedom fighters from across the continent.

On the left, German sociologist Wolfgang Streeck and others defend a model of the democratic nation-state against the EU. © Nina Berman/Marcellus Shale Documentary Project 2015.The nightmare situations preppers imagine are already happening—to people whose wealth and status don’t protect them.


Nkrumah’s formative years were spent in the United States and the United Kingdom. As with developmental states around the world in this period, Nkrumah’s economic policy centered on modernizing agriculture, investing in industrialization, and providing key social services including universal education and healthcare.But the postcolonial state was still trapped between , Nkrumah detailed the concessions and privileges former colonial powers demanded as part of the transfer of sovereignty: “setting up military bases or stationing troops in former colonies and the supplying of ‘advisers’ of one sort of another,” demanding “land concessions, prospecting rights for minerals and/or oil; the ‘right’ to collect customs, to carry out administration, to issue paper money; to be exempt from customs duties and/or taxes for expatriate enterprises; and, above all, the ‘right’ to provide ‘aid.’” The result was a distorted form of postcolonial sovereignty where the elected representatives of the postcolonial state “derive their authority to govern, not from the will of the people, but from the support which they obtain from their neocolonial masters.” If the nation-state had failed to overcome the problem of colonial dependence, if sovereignty could not shield new states from external compulsion, then the postcolonial political kingdom had to be reimagined. Kwame Nkrumah PC (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was a Ghanaian politician and revolutionary.

was at this conference in December 1958 that Patrice Lumumba of Congo became an


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